Financial Tightening Sounds Alarm For Global Economy

Global financial conditions, perceived as strongly correlated with future growth, are at the tightest levels in two years, driven by soaring energy prices, sliding stocks and the market consequences of the Ukraine-Russia conflict.

Financial conditions is the umbrella phrase for how metrics such as exchange rates, equity swings and borrowing costs affect the availability of funding in the economy.

How loose or tight conditions are dictate spending, saving and investment plans of businesses and households.

Goldman Sachs, which compiles the most widely used financial conditions indexes, has in the past shown a 100-basis-point tightening crimps growth by one percentage point in the coming year, with an equivalent loosening giving a corresponding boost.

The tightening is an unwelcome development for a world economy already threatened by the fallout from $120-a-barrel oil prices and supply chain setbacks caused by sanctions on Russia.

If these drive inflation steadily higher, and “if the central banks take their mandates seriously, you will see a further tightening in financial conditions.

Economic dynamics will slow down further, inflation will be high nonetheless and you will see second round effects and then you get a stagflation scenario given the existence of a combination of rising inflation and slower economic growth.

Goldman Sachs’ global financial conditions index is at 100.2, 60 basis points tighter than prior to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and a level last seen in March 2020, when the pandemic first hit.

The rise was led by its Russian FCI, which rose as high as 114.8 from around 98 at the start of February to the tightest since the 2008 crisis, driven by a doubling of interest rates and a market implosion.

The Russian move has taken an emerging markets FCI to the tightest since 2016.

Eurozone moves are sizeable too. Conditions in the bloc, heavily reliant on Russian energy, are at the tightest since November 2020, having moved 50 bps in February, driven also by the ECB opening the door to rate hikes this year.

Financial conditions would take on even more importance for the ECB, which meets on Thursday.

Should it proceed with the unwinding of bond purchases followed by rate hikes as expected before the invasion, financial conditions could tighten to levels seen at the height of the pandemic or even the bloc’s sovereign debt crisis a decade ago.

But the indicators Goldman uses to calculate its indexes signal no relief; safe-haven flows are boosting the US dollar, which is near two-year highs, and world stocks have fallen 11% this year, led by a near-20% fall in Eurozone equities.

US investment-grade corporate bond risk premia have widened 40 bps year-to-date as investors assess the hit to companies’ profits.

With conditions historically loose in developed markets, policymakers may not be too perturbed yet. On an inflation-adjusted basis, borrowing costs have fallen sharply, hitting a record low -2.5% in Germany on Monday.